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genetically modified tomato
A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. The first commercially available genetically modified food was a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life (the Flavr Savr). Currently there are no genetically modified tomatoes available commercially, but scientists are developing tomatoes with new traits like increased resistance to pests or environmental stresses. Other projects aim to enrich tomatoes with substances that may offer health benefits or be more nutritious. As well as aiming to produce novel crops, scientists produce genetically modified tomatoes to understand the function of genes naturally present in tomatoes.
==Background==
The tomato originated in South America and was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 16th century. Wild tomatoes are small, green and largely unappetizing, but after centuries of breeding there are now thousands of varieties grown worldwide.〔 Agrobacterium-mediated genetic engineering techniques were developed in the late 1980s that could successfully transfer genetic material into the nuclear genome of tomatoes. Genetic material can also be inserted into a tomato cell's chloroplast and chromoplast plastomes using biolistics. Tomatoes were the first food crop with an edible fruit where this was possible. ''Agrobacerium tumefaciens'' is an excellent species of soil dwelling bacteria that can infect plants with a piece of its own DNA. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is an effective and widely used approach to introduce foreign DNA into dicotyledon plants.〔http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/pdf/pdf2010/29Mar/Chaudhry%20et%20al.pdf〕 The DNA gets a hold of the plant cellular machinery and uses it to ensure the proliferation of bacterial population. The advantage of this gene is that insecticidal toxin genes or other various herbicides can be engineered in the bacterial DNA. This bacterium shortens the plant breeding process. Most of all, it allows new genes to be engineered into crops.〔http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/crown.htm〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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